Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. So much I challenge that I may profess Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a tragedy. Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. In addition, he modified and extended his concept over the many decades of his professional life, often insisting that archetype named a process, a perspective, and not a content, although this flexibility was lost through the codifying, nominalizing tendencies of his followers. The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. Twere now to be most happy, for I fear Othello decides the only way to right his wrong is to take his own life. An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. To furnish me with some swift means of death Having triumphantly bested the social and natural forces aligned against them, having staked all to the devotion of the other, Desdemona and Othello will not be left to live happily ever after, and the tragedy will grow out of the conditions that made the comedy. Active Themes Emilia returns with Desdemona. The three women are Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca. As mine own face. Even when Desdemona was found after Othello strangles her, she still believed that her death was not the fault of Othello. However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. That not another comfort like to this Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. Two publishing events at the beginning of the 1990s in the United States may signal the coming of age of this kind of archetypal criticism through its convergence with postmodern critical thought, along with a commensurate insistence on its roots in the depth psychology of Jung: the reissue of Morris Philipsons 1963 Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic and the appearance of Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerinos multidisciplinary, multicultural collection of essays, C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. But Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs . Kibin. Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism . Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. Othello is a complex play that deals with issues such as jealousy, gender, and race. Iago: My friend is dead. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, His imagination is excited to intense activity, but it is the activity of concentration rather than dilation. A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). And smote himthus. Frye's thesis in "The Archetypes of Literature" remains largely unchanged in Anatomy of Criticism. The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. This juxtaposition between Othello's transparency and Iago's duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. While acknowledging the grave weaknesses of much Jungian writing on literature as unsubtle and rigid application of preconceived psychological notions and schemes resulting in particularly ill-judged or distorted readings, van Meurs still finds that sensitively, flexibly and cautiously used, Jungian psychological theory may stimulate illuminating literary interpretations (14-15). In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. Analysis. 1: 67), of the archetypes, which he described as patterns of psychic energy originating in the collective unconscious and finding their most common and most normal manifestation in dreams (8:287). The tragedy of Othello, written by William Shakespeare, presents the main character Othello, as a respectable, honorable, and dignified man, but because of his insecurities and good nature, he is easily taken advantage of and manipulated by his peers and alleged friends. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. norwegian cruise line dining menus archetypal criticism in othello. The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. Learn what works (and what doesn't) from the reader's perspective. I know not ift be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety (2.1. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. (2023). This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. Within these three days let me hear thee say Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. Archetypal analysis is an appropriate model for customer heterogeneity whenever the underlying structure is best defined by the extremes. Shakespeare's play, Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a powerful example of a tragedy and its main character, Othello, is an excellent illustration of what Aristotle constitutes as a tragic hero. Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . If Hamlet is a tragedy about youth, and Lear concerns old age, Othello is a family or domestic tragedy of a middle-aged man in which the fate of kingdoms and the cosmos that hangs in the balance in Hamlet and Lear contracts to the private world of a marriages destruction. What hooks you? : Feminist: Ex. At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. After confronting Desdemona of her crimes he decides to carry out his overall plan to end his trues loves life. I do perceive here a divided duty: He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. Wow! The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). The patterns are the major intrinsic aspects of a work. Another important influence was Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) who used the term archetype to what he called "primordial images". Ralph Manheim, 1974); Morris Philipson, Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic (1963, reprint, 1991); Annis Pratt et al., Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981); Jos van Meurs and John Kidd, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980: An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Works in English (with a Selection of Titles after 1980) (1988); William K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History (1957). Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . Succeeds in unknown fate. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. Despite naively playing into Iago's hands earlier by giving him the handkerchief, Emilia shows her earnest loyalty to Desdemona. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology is a critical work published in 1963. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. This is not a satisfactory frame of mind for an investigator, and it is certainly not an . His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Othello is characterized by his plainspoken read analysis of Othello Iago Othello's disloyal standard-bearer and the villain of the play. Archetypal Criticism Volume I. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. An archetype criticism of othello, a play by william shakespeare. QAFQAZ UNIVERSITY SPRING, 2013. An archetype is the original pattern or . Archetypal Literary Criticism. Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. Othello: I greet thy love, He ends up killing her out of jealousy; when she does not deserve it. 2. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. Indeed, the psychological resonances of the drama, along with its provocative racial and gender themes, have caused Othello, perhaps more than any other of Shakespeares plays, to reverberate the loudest with current audiences and commentators. Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. archetypal criticism in othelloboone county wv obituaries. His demise was of his own doing. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? "Othello is essentially an noble character, flawed by insecurity and a nature that is naive and unsophisticated". The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. However, these fields of study contributed a lot to the development of archetypal criticism through the characters of Sir James Frazer and Carl Jung. To you, preferring you before her father, In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. : In this quote, Othello is stating that his wife's supposed infidelity has ruined his name and turned it "black" and dirty like his own face, showing that a woman's fidelity was linked to a man's honor. Cinthios version of Iago is conventionally driven by jealousy of a superior and lust for his wife. The story opens on Briony Tallis, a 13-year-old growing up in the upper-middle class in England in 1953 with . Tis done at your request; but let her live. Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. You elements that clip us round about, Nor set down aught in malice. He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. Role of the Archetypal Symbols The handercheif is utilized throught Othello to demonstrate the loyalty of Desdemona, as well as Othello's love for her. By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). 1. 3. This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. In archetypal criticism, under the reductive method of analysis, a critic, while elucidating a text, moves from the particular truth to the general truth. They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. Human emotions have a lot of power over how we react to situations in life, the trick is learning how to not let them take over. But heres my husband; Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." . The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. 1924) to move beyond clinical inquiry within the consulting room of psychotherapy to formulate archetypal theory as a multidisciplinary field (Archetypal 1). This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. Othello, though, decides to kill her. Iago will direct the remainder of the play, constructing Othellos down-fall out of the flimsiest evidence and playing on the strengths and weaknesses of Othellos nature and the doubts that erode Othellos faith in Desdemona. Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. R. F. C. Hull, 2 vois., 1973-75). Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous, Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. These archetypalists, focusing on the imaginaland making central the concept that in English they call soul, assert their kinship with Semiotics and Structuralism but maintain an insistent focus on psychoid phenomena, which they characterize as meaningful. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself.
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